How Ultrasonic Cleaning Works

Ultrasonic cleaning is the rapid and complete removal of contaminants from objects by immersing them in a tank of liquid flooded with high frequency sounds waves. These non-audible sound waves create a scrubbing brush action within the fluid.

The process is brought about by high frequency electrical energy that is converted by a transducer into high frequency sound waves – ultrasonic energy. Its ability to clean even the most tenacious substances from items derives from the core of the unit: the transducer. The cleaning power of a unit stems from the transducers performance.

The efficiency of the transducer will affect both the cleaning time and efficacy achieved during the cleaning cycle. A poor quality transducer will use more power and take longer to clean items than a good transducer. This is why Ultrawave have invested in this area in such great depth, in order to provide you with a benchmark transducer.

Ultrasonic cleaning
The ultrasonic energy enters the liquid within the tank and causes the rapid formation and collapse of minute bubbles: a phenomenon known as cavitation. The bubbles rapidly increase in size until they implode against the surface of the item immersed in the tank in an enormous energy release, which lifts contamination off the surface and innermost recesses of intricately shaped parts.

It is this ability to clean box joints, hinges and threads quickly and effectively that has made ultrasonic cleaners the first choice for many industries for over 25 years.

There are many variables which need taking into account when cleaning items. Heat, power, frequency, detergent type and time all affect the cleaning process but the flexibility of ultrasonics means that these can all incorporated into the process in order to achieve the most effective results.
ultrasonic cleaning

This photograph (right) shows Ultrasonic cleaning in action on a pair of surgical forceps. The bubbles can be clearly seen forming around the item.

As the bubbles implode and cavitation occurs, the cleaning solution rushes into the gap left by the bubble. As this fluid makes contact with the forceps, any contaminants that are present are removed.

Boat Insurance Company

One of the last things that you may think about when purchasing a boat is the fact that you'll need to obtain boat insurance. Quite like car insurance, there are several things to consider before deciding on which company to go with. You can also receive discounts if your boat contains the necessary safety equipment. This is something to keep in mind, especially if you've not yet purchased your boat.

Make sure that your boat has all the necessary safety features installed such as a fire extinguisher, emergency equipment, and various other security features. Having all of this equipment installed will help to lower your monthly premium. Be sure to let the insurance agent know about all of the features you have on your boat. You may have to mention this yourself, as many agents will not, especially since most are trained to make sure everyone pays top-dollar for their boat insurance.

Another thing that will influence how much your monthly premium will be is the age of your boat. If your boat is fairly new, you may end up having to pay a bit more per month. The difference in price in accordance to how new your boat is should not be too drastic. One of the reasons why insurance is lower for boats that are not so new is because as time progresses, boats tend to depreciate in value.

A major thing to consider before assuming how much you will pay for your insurance is whether or not you've had any previous accidents. Having accidents on your record will cause your premium to be much higher, depending on the nature of the accident and how many have occurred. If the accident was your fault, the price you pay will of course also be a bit higher than if you were not at fault.

The best way to find the right type of boat insurance is to simply call around or search online. You may even want to do both to make sure you end up with the best price. Keep in mind that not everyone pays the same amount for insurance so what one of your relatives pays for his brand new ship may not be the same as what you will pay for a similar ship. You may end up having to pay hundreds more per month than someone you know because of an accident or lack of safety features.

Make sure that you receive quotes from more than one place when searching. You will receive different prices from each company because they all have different policies, so it is best if you contact as many places as possible. Have a pen and paper handy so that you can write down the quotes you receive from each company you contact. Doing this will also make it much easier to compare prices.

Once you are insured, you may want to consider getting the necessary safety features installed if you do not have them. You can always call back once you've got the features installed and qualify for a much more discounted rate. You might also qualify for a tax exemption if you take all the necessary steps.

There are a lot more boats out on the water than you may think, especially in the spring and summer months. A huge disadvantage to operating a boat is that there are no red lights or stop signs. There are boat patrolmen, however, that help to control the amount of traffic on the water, the speed at which people are going, and they're also there to help people when they've been in boating accidents. Many of them will also check to see if there are any drugs and alcohol on the boat. If any drugs and alcohol are detected, most of the time the boat and everyone on board will be asked to leave immediately and they will also be fined. If by chance there is no boat insurance, quite a huge fine will also be given.

A marine services article by Dougles Chan - Search Engine Guru - The best SEO company in Singapore and globally. Contact Dougles Chan @ +(65) 9388 0851 or email to dc@dougleschan.com for more information on how to make your website to be the top in Google.

The History Of Gas Furnaces

According to Wikipedia, a furnace is a device used for heating. In American English and Canadian English, the term furnace on its own is generally used to describe household heating systems based on a central furnace known either as a boiler or a heater in British English, and sometimes as a synonym for a kiln, a device used in the production of ceramics. In British English, the term furnace is used exclusively to mean industrial furnaces.

To go back a little in history, central heating with a furnace is an idea that is centuries old. This idea was invented by the Romans and called a hypocaust. It was a form of under-floor heating using a fire in one corner of a basement with the exhaust vented through flues in the walls to chimneys. This form of heating could only be used in stone or brick homes. It was also very dangerous because of the possibility of fire and suffocation.

Early furnaces burned wood. In the seventeenth century, coal began to replace wood as a primary fuel. Coal was used until the early 1940s when gas became the primary fuel.In the 1970s, electric furnaces started to replace gas furnaces because of the energy crisis. Wood and coal burning furnaces required constant feeding to maintain warmth in the home. From early morning to late at night, usually three to five times a day, fuel needed to be put in the furnace. In addition, the waste from the ashes from the burnt wood or coal had to be removed and disposed of. Today, the gas furnace is still the most popular form of home heating equipment.

Raw materials - design of original fireplaces
Today, stainless steel is used in the heat exchangers for corrosion resistance. Aluminized steel is used to construct the frame, blowers, and burners, and brass is used for valves, copper in the electrical wiring, and fiberglass to insulate the cabinet. Today's gas furnace consists of a heat exchanger, secondary heat exchanger (depending on efficiency rating), air circulation blower, flue draft blower, gas control valve, burners, pilot light or spark ignition, electronic control circuitry, and an external thermostat. The modern furnace is highly efficient-80-90%, allowing only 10-20% of the heated air to escape up the chimney.

The manufacturing process today
• The primary heat exchanger is formed from two separate pieces of 409 stainless steel sheet. Each half is formed into shape by a 400 ton hydraulic press.
• The secondary heat exchanger is formed from 29-4°C stainless steel tubing and fins. The fins are welded to the tubing to form a radiator type configuration.
• The primary heat exchanger is crimped to the secondary heat exchanger through a transition box. The flue draft blower is attached to the secondary heat exchanger.
• The cabinet consists of two doors and the cabinet housing.
• The cabinet is installed around the furnace assembly and secured with screws and nuts.
• The doors are installed on the front of the cabinet assembly. The completed assembly is boxed and prepared for shipment.

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Cargo Marine Surveyors

Cargo Marine surveyors are responsible for the inspection of cargoes of sea traveling vessels and provide certification based on the rules and regulations issued by the national and international health and safety about the handling and stowage of the cargoes. They must know all the information about the documents of vessels and arrange a set of rules and regulations for loading and protecting cargo, capacity of the cargo and the stability features.

They are responsible for maintaining the capability of the cargo's based on the design and rules of the cargo. They have to deal with the works of head office, branches and principles daily. They are responsible for providing tips and ideas about the methods of stowing heavy weight cargo including additional support beams, extra powerful lashings based on the knowledge of danger while explosive items, shipping grains, logs and heavy weight machines are loaded in the cargo. He makes sure that the rules and regulations of cargo maintenance's are followed properly. They are responsible for providing a certificate of compliance when any important regulations are not followed.

Cargo Marine surveyor provides remedy solutions to resolve any damages, mistakes and deficiencies. They have to provide an accurate measurement of the capacity of the ship, size of water and fuel in tanks with the help of tape and sounding line and interpret the markings of drafts to determine the depth of vessel in water. With the help of a stopwatch, cargo marine surveyors measure the ship's time roll. Several calculations regarding the holding level, amount of secured fuel and water, the cargo weight and its stability features using the standardized formulas and calculator of mathematics are performed by them.
They interpret the information received from a survey, provide formulas concerning the priorities based on the capacity of vessel and report the details of their research. Several cargo handling equipments including boom, derricks and hoists have to be inspected to detect whether they need any maintenance by cargo marine surveyors. Marine Cargo surveyors usually work in a cargo, yacht or a boat.

There are several schools offering certificates in cargo marine survey. Some of them include Maritime College at the State University of New York providing certification in Cargo Marine survey. IIMS offers a diploma program in cargo marine surveying and also the Bachelors and masters degree in maritime studies in partnership with the University of Portsmouth. Suny maritime college also offers a certificate in marine cargo surveying. In these certificates and degree programs, training is given in various streams such as maritime insurance, loading the ships, method of operating rail, truck, ways to detect conditions etc.

The average salary of a marine surveyor ranges from $34,833 - $55,000 according to the national salary data. Also, they receive an additional bonus amount of $983 - $13,500 depending on their talents, qualifications and experience. The salary for a marine cargo surveyor differs with various cities. They are usually provided a salary of $66,065 in Chicago, $62,401 in Houston, $59,715 in Phoenix, $61,640 in Dallas, $60,873 in Atlanta, $60,935 in Charlotte, $58,324 in Orlando, $61,607 in Indianapolis, $62,875 in Denver and $59,528 in Cincinnati.

SAKTIWY is a renowned Marine cargo surveyor in Morocco providing good job opportunities to Marine Cargo Surveyors. Marine Cargo Surveyors are able to search for jobs in several companies including Aik Beng Manufacture and Trading, Asian Energy Services Pte Ltd, Braemer Falconer Pte Ltd, Bureau Veritas, Cargo Control Marine Services Pte Ltd, Corrosion and Coatings Enterprise Ltd, Elliot Associates Pte Ltd, Exaco Pte Ltd and various other reputed organizations. Marine Cargo Surveyor jobs are offered in a large number in countries like Australia, Dubai etc. Different online websites providing marine cargo surveyor job opportunities are found in large numbers.

A marine cargo survey has to provide a competent service with a superior quality continuously to meet the objectives, protection and the quality requirements of the clients. A marine and cargo surveyor is also referred by a term called MARSS.

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Non Destructive Testing for Storage Tanks, Heat Exchangers, Condensers and Pipelines

Non Destructive Testing (NDT) is the process of examining an asset in order to determine condition without the need for intrusive destructive processes that may be prohibitive due to operational needs, prohibitively expensive, or even impossible when the condition of an entire asset needs to be assessed.

Various techniques for the non destructive analysis exist, with distinct branches for similar assets, such as tube inspection for heat exchangers, coolers, condensers etc. Pipeline inspection for all sorts of piping, and tank inspection for various storage tanks, silos, and vessels.
Each distinct branch has its own methods and techniques however generally all rely on the same principles applied in different manners.

The most basic techniques consist of dye penetrant inspection (DPI) and magnetic particle inspection (MPI) which are both used for crack detection - typically in plates, piping and welds. These are generic techniques that can be applied across a variety of branches and are low cost methods however limited in the fact they can only detect surface breaking defects and are vulnerable to operator error.

More sophisticated techniques such as eddy current testing (ECT) exist which can be used in welds, plating, piping etc. for crack analysis, and can detect sub surface cracks up to depths of typically around 10mm in the field. ECT requires more rigorous training however has many benefits such as sub surface crack detection and the ability to inspection through coatings, such as paint and other linings.

ECT can also be applied to tube inspection such as for heat exchangers and condensers, and typically looks for pitting, corrosion, baffle cutting, erosion, steam impingement and other wall losses. The process works via sending a probe down the inside of the tube and pulling it out ('pulling the tube') whilst analysing the data. Data can be saved and analysed later if required.

ECT is also applied to piping via techniques such as LFET (Low Frequency Electromagnetic Technique), in this instance low frequencies are used to gain deeper penetration into the tubes, typically around 5-10Hz. This technique generally looks for corrosion and other wall losses associated with pipework, such as hydrogen damage, corrosion cells, micro-biologically induced corrosion, flow accelerated corrosion etc.

Ultrasonics is another main branch of non destructive testing and makes up a large part of non destructive testing work - being a very versatile technique it's used almost everywhere in various forms such as very precise tube inspection, thickness measurements and crack sizing to name a few, across all types of assets. Ultrasonic testing (UT) is an established technique that is used heavily due to its precise nature.

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Everything You Wanted To Know About Marine Insurance

Gone are the days, once your goods were in a transit, then, you had to tirelessly wait and hope for them to reach the destination safely. However, now you can get them insured and have peace of mind. There are specific insurances for this purpose and the biggest benefit of having this policy is that the loss is recoverable only by an insured, who at the time of loss has an insurable interest in the goods.

An agreement of marine insurance is a contract whereby the insurer agrees to cover the assured, in the method and to the amount agreed, in opposition to losses incidental to marine voyage. This is a type of policy that offers security and protection to property and goods while in transit. It is particularly beneficial for you, if you are one of those business owners who either travel a lot or work with high value items. Today, most of the companies offer this policy and you can also buy it as an add-on to an existing policy cover.

If you are wondering how this concept came into picture, then, here is the account. The origin of this policy cover goes back to the 17th century when one of the indemnity providing companies of London initiated it for the first time for its clientele. Prior to this, the company would offer coverage to only cargo of ships; any harm to goods once it had been taken off ships could not be claimed for. As goods would frequently get spoilt in transportation, policyholders were not happy with their outlay in policies. This is when the company launched inland marine cover to guarantee coverage for goods even after it had been offloaded from ships.

Today, the policy can be used to cover for all kinds of goods transferred through land. The policy provides coverage to all kinds of goods and property. It also offers protection against economic and fiscal loss that you may experience, lest your goods and property are stolen during transportation. Similarly, goods damaged in shipment across dry land also obtain coverage.

However, before you buy the policy, make sure you check and gather all possible information about the policy. You can also seek assistance from an expert or an insurance agent and seek answers to all your questions. There may be a few buyers, who would have bought this policy as a supplement, but there are chances that for your needs, you might have to buy a separate marine insurance policy. Look for all these details and then make an informed decision.

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Choosing a Heat Exchangers Repair Service

If you own or operate an industry that uses one or more heat exchangers as part of its daily operations, you know that when your equipment needs maintenance, repair or replacement services there are probably few (if any) specialists in your immediate area that you can call. Most industries needing heat exchangers repair must therefore partner with a reliable service in another part of the country. How do you know who to turn to? Here are some tips for choosing wisely.

--Use the Internet: The web is a great place to start; by doing a simple search you'll be able to compile a list of possible candidates from which to choose. You can learn a lot about a service from the professionalism of its website and the details it offers about its history, level of experience, and what they can do for you. If you don't see one that you like on your side of the country, you may want to stick with candidates in the Midwest since they will be able to offer faster service.

--Versatile and Experienced Service Team: Most industrial heat exchangers are custom-made for their particular applications, and there is no one-size-fits-all. So the company you go with must employ highly-skilled, versatile technicians who have a wide diversity of knowledge and ingenuity and can troubleshoot and fix just about any problem over a wide range of industrial settings.

--Speed: You simply cannot afford more downtime than is absolutely necessary. Most heat exchangers repair needs are emergency situations: only choose a repair service that can provide the help you need ASAP no matter where you do business.

No matter what kind of design you use for your heat exchangers, a top-notch repair service should be able to handle it: just be sure to choose carefully.

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The Titanic Legacy of JP Morgan

Everyone is familiar with the story of the Titanic and how it sank to the bottom of the North Atlantic Ocean on April 14th 1912. This means that any stock certificate involving the historic Titanic is going to be one that a collector is really going to want to get their hands on. And yes, there are old stock certificates for the International Mercantile Marine Company, which was the owner of the White Star Line that manufactured the Titanic. However, the International Mercantile Marine Company was a trust that was set up by J.P. Morgan of America. To this day there are still original stock certificates from International Mercantile Marine Company that are in the hands of collectors and various other individuals around the world.

The International Mercantile Marine Company certificates dated 1915 are of particular interest for the fact that they contain one of the most famous signatures of the time. One of those signatures is that of Phillip A.S. Franklin who was the vice-president for the American side of the International Mercantile Marine Company at the time the Titanic met its demise during its maiden voyage.

Franklin was also the one who convinced Bruce Ismay to stay within the United States with the other survivors of the Titanic who were boarded upon the vessel that rescued them, the Carpathia. It was after that, that Ismay cooperated with the U.S. Senate when the sinking was investigated.

Had it not been for Franklin, Ismay would have left the United States to return to England instead of staying within the United States to allow for a thorough investigation that established the reasons why the Titanic did not make it to New York on that Fateful night. Later on, Phillip A.S. Franklin was promoted to president of International Mercantile Marine Company. The company was completely dissolved in 1932 after years of struggling.

As for certain identifiers, the stock certificate of 1915 is referred to as a "red" stock certificate because it is printed in red and white. There is also a "green" certificate that was issued in the 1920s or slightly prior to that time period. Virtually all of these certificates can be found with small punch holes in them that indicate they have been canceled. Some of them also have an ink stamp upon them that says "canceled." The green certificates dated 1919 and beyond have pictures of the Titanic printed on them. Prior to that, the only defining characteristics was the green colored paper with the darker green border.

Collecting International Mercantile Marine Company certificates is perhaps the one way that you can literally own a piece of J.P. Morgan's only failed business venture. Considering the success of J.P. Morgan entities now, it is hard to believe that the International Mercantile Marine Company was a failure for him, but it all stemmed from everything that went wrong with the Titanic. And because these stock certificates are made easily available, collectors can get in on a piece of this, almost a century after the fact.

A marine services Singapore article by Scotts Digital - Top SEO company in Singapore.